These Dam Decisions By Anne Stanton When Traverse City Light and Power proposed building a 10 megawatt biomass plant (or three or four) earlier this year, people wondered about the wisdom of removing the three Boardman River dams, which once produced more than 2 megawatts of energy each year, enough to power 1,400 homes. The owners, the city of Traverse City and Grand Traverse County, voted last year to dismantle them, but people wonder if it’s too late to reconsider. The cost to remove the dams is about the same as to bring them into compliance and add upgrades to get the river colder. Last week, the Express revisited claims that the dams would be unprofitable. Utility professionals said the financial analysis failed to consider federal stimulus money, along with higher rates that renewable energy can now command. This week, the Express will examine the environmental arguments for removing the dam. Toward the mouth of Grand Traverse Bay the Boardman River serenely flows 18.5 miles from the river’s most far-flung dam, the Brown Bridge Dam. Pressure to remove the dams has flowed from people and groups who want to see the river run fast and free as it once did before the dams were erected some 100 years ago. Kayakers and canoeists want the challenge of white water with no barriers. Trout fishermen crave a cold river that supports steelhead and sturgeon, and a greater abundance of fish (studies show a third fewer fish live in the warmer, confined river, as compared to upstream waters). And then there are folks like Jim McIntyre, a Boardman Pond homeowner, who simply believes wild rivers are precious. Dams increase sediment that harm fish, warm water, disrupt the water flow, and dramatically change nature’s ecosystem. Added Ken Gum, an avid fly fisherman: A free-flowing, wild river isn’t worth a couple megawatts of power: “We can build a nuclear power plant or a field of wind turbines, or even a wood burning power plant . . . but we’ll never be able to build a river.”
BE CAREFUL WHAT YOU WISH FOR But some say to proceed with caution. The dams have long protected the Boardman River from disease and alien species found in the Great Lakes, including sea lamprey, a fish-sucking parasite. That’s why the decision was made to keep the Union Street dam intact as a barrier, while removing the Sabin, Boardman Pond, and Brown Bridge dams. Bill Scharf, a retired Northwestern Michigan College biology instructor and researcher, says that steelhead trout—the prize fighter among trout—should also be blocked. He considers steelhead a Trojan fish because they are tainted with PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), which feminize fish and mammals and weaken eagle eggs. “Otters and mink are extremely sensitive to the toxins in the fish and so are the snapping turtles. I told them (the Boardman River Dam Committee) that they are playing with the system. “Aldo Leopold once said, when one tinkers with an ecosystem, it’s like a clock. If you start taking pieces out, you better save all the pieces.” For a larger perspective, Scharf recommends a book by Yale-educated biologist Anders Halverson: An Entirely Synthetic Fish: How Rainbow Trout Beguiled American and Overran the World. Contacted by Express, Halverson said the effects of the worldwide planting of steelhead (the migrating version of rainbow trout) have been good and bad, depending on the river. “The effects are almost always unpredictable. Be ready to adapt and be ready for something you didn’t expect to happen.” The DNRE’s Todd Kalish is aware of the issue; it’s one reason why PCB laden salmon won’t be passed up the Boardman River. After salmon spawn, they die and litter the bank, an easy meal for bald eagles, said Kalish, who is heading the implementation team to remove the dams. Steelhead, on the other hand, do not die after spawning and return to Lake Michigan (although, in a weakened state, many do die). He also said that a recent state study shows PCB levels in steelhead trout are just above the “no adverse effects” concentration level. That’s the level set by a 1990 multi-agency study, which studied the breeding success of eagles at certain levels of PCBs in fish. Because of that study, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has not required the passage of fish at Consumer Energy’s dams on the Manistee, Muskegon, and Au Sable Rivers, and won’t until contaminant concentrations in Great Lakes fish no longer pose a hazard to wildlife, said Gary Dawson, the company’s environmental services director. The DNRE believes PCB-laden fish will become a non-issue, owing to declining PCB levels each decade. In 2004, steelhead collected from two sites on Lake Michigan from the weirs of Little Manistee River and St. Joseph River showed a significant decline from 1994. “The results showed the average PCB concentration was .4 parts per million, almost half of it was 20 years before. The other thing you need to keep in mind, assuming they pass the fish upstream, is that eagles will be eating smaller fish with lower PCB concentrations,” said Joe Buhr a DNRE’s aquatic biologist. Yet Gary Dawson said that PCB levels aren’t going down fast enough and far exceed the no adverse effects level of .007 parts per million. PCB levels of salmon in what’s known as the Lamberti study* showed .4130 parts per million of PCB contamination. That’s 58 times the level and easily enough to contaminate other smaller fish that sensitive mink, otter, and eagle eat. The Lamberti study contrasted two streams of the Manistee River. One was populated by PCB-laden Pacific salmon, the other had none. Researchers found that species of fish in the salmon stream--the native sculpin, dace, and brook trout--had anywhere from 50 times to 79 times the level of PCB concentrations of fish in the no-salmon stream. That’s because fish eat fish eggs. “The eggs are oily and PCBs are attracted to the lipids in the oily eggs, so you have higher PCB concentrations in the eggs than you do in the fish,” Dawson said. Steelhead will pose a lesser threat than salmon because they don’t die after spawning, but they spoil rivers in other ways. When a steelhead fish makes a nest in the gravel to spawn, they chase other fish away and injure what’s called the substrate, the home of stream insects, such as larvae, according to another recent study headed by G.A. Lamberti of the University of Notre Dame. “The Lamberti study shows the steelhead actually reduce the abundance of insect larvae, part of the food chain. What they saw in these Midwest rivers is they reduce the amount of food available to local fish,” he said.. “In addition to this, when you allow these fish to pass from the Great Lakes, there are a lot of potential issues of carrying diseases up into the rivers. The state is taking a very hard look at this issue, reducing the fish they are stocking because of what’s called viral hemorrhagic septicemia—that could be carried into the streams by the fish. They don’t want the river fish contaminated. If the steelhead comes up, it’s possible they can bring VHS and other diseases.” The lake sturgeon, another fish that’s been discussed for river passage, lives until 40 years old, enough time to collect large amounts of PCBs. The most recent data shows sturgeon eggs contain up to 3.8 parts per million of PCBs, over 500 times the no adverse effects level, Dawson said. “This is something I’m concerned about. On the one hand, passing fish over these dams and connecting rivers is one of the things people strive to do, and it makes sense in a lot of situations. But when you have contaminants, invasives, and diseases, it seems to me that we really should be trying our best or making our best effort to keep the fish stocks in the upper reaches, pure and intact, if you will. “The state has taken a lot harder look, keeping salmon out and allowing steelhead in—they are looking at this as a trade-off—but they’re still running a risk. “Steelhead are a lot of fun to fish, I love to fish for them myself, I love fly fishing for them, but I also value native brook trout fisheries even more. They’re not as big, they don’t bend the rod as much, but I guess my predilection is I value brook trout over anything imported.” Kalish said the DNRE will monitor the effects of PCBs in wildlife, but Scharf worries that once PCBs are released into the long-protected river, it’s too late. PCBs don’t break down and you can’t do a recall.
RIVER SLOBS McIntyre said he has no desire to see steelhead trout passed if there’s a potential for damage, but he does want a free-flowing river. Other fly fisherman, like Mike Delp, are worried that opening the river to steelhead will attracts droves of careless fishermen. The Betsie River in Benzie County, for example, is strewn with garbage, beer cans, and monofilament line. Someone even erected a makeshift outhouse without a door. There is the added complication that newly exposed bottomlands are publicly owned. Will fishermen invade privacy and erode the unstable river banks? Ken Gum hopes the DNRE will consider regulating the river, such as allowing access for fly fishermen, but not bait fishermen. But even with regulations, not all sport fishermen agree entirely on dam removal. Chris Smith of Interlochen says he will miss the diversity of pond and wetlands habitat that’s evolved over the century. “In the end, my beef is I like the Brown Bridge Quiet Area. I like the lake; it supports a host of wildlife. Would (removing the dams) improve the fishing? Sure. But there are still all kinds of fish and waterfowl up there. Maybe we could leave the Brown Bridge dam up as a quiet area to canoe and kayak. I like that pond, and I’ve liked how the river goes into ponds, creating a whole different habitat.” McIntyre wants the natural river back, but has sympathy for those who have lost their pond and property values. He wishes the county and city would have looked at all the options. “I think they became so frustrated with the controversy and difficult personalities, they just decided the three dams would go.”
Editor’s Note: Last week’s article should have said the cost estimates for constructing fish ladders are: Sabin ($1.5-2 million), Boardman ($2-2.5 million), Brown Bridge ($2-2.5 million). The cost estimate of the currently proposed fish passage at Union Street dam is $2.9 million. *The “Lamberti” study (named for the principal investigator) was jointly conducted by a Lake Superior State University, the University of Notre Dame, Grand Valley State, and Treat Lakes Fishery Trust.
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